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CALC PLUS by David Alexander Version 2.0 16 Cady Lane Wappingers Falls, I. Introduction NY 12590 CALC PLUS is, in its simplest form, a computer version of a hand- held calculator, specifically a Reverse Polish Notation calculator such as those manufactured by Hewlett-Packard. In this type of calculator, you enter numbers onto a STACK and then after you have entered the numbers, you enter the operation (+,-, etc.) to be perfomed on the numbers. Thus when you start up CALC you will see an empty column on the left labled 'STACK' and below it, a red data entry field, ready for you to enter numbers or commands, just as though it were a calculator display. However CALC PLUS is not just a hand-held calculator. It includes features far beyond those of the hand-held calculator. But in all of the features can be used with the simplicity of a calculator (well, almost). The features are: Stack: A 20-level stack which can be manipulated in many useful ways. Mathmatical opreations can be performed on the bottom of the stack or on the whole stack. Memorys: a 20 columns of memorys, each containing 20 rows. The memories can be accessed individually or by block moves to and from the stack. Printing: The contents of the STACK or the memories can be printed out in well formatted tables with titles, column headings and row headings. You can even specify printing of column summarys such as totals, averages, standard deviations and maximum and minimums. Filing: You can save the contents of CALC PLUS so you can return to work on a project at a later time without having to re- enter any data. The following features are not included in version 2.0 of CALC PLUS, but will be included in later versions. Graphs: You can make plots of the data in CALC Plus. While they may not be presentation quality, they will allow you to examine your data easily in various ways. Statistics: You can do fairly sophisticated statistical analyses of the data in CALC, including analysis of variance, T-tests, and multiple linear regression. With this overview of the capabilities of CALC, now we can get down to the details of using CALC, starting with the STACK. The stack is a list of numbers. To place numbers on the stack, type them into the entry window and then press the space bar, [SPACE], or the return key, [RET] or a command key (any key but a number or a decimal point). The entered number will move from the entry window to the bottom of the stack. As new numbers are added they are placed on the bottom of stack. Simple mathmatical operations (+, -, *, /) opperate on the bottom number and the next-to-bottom numbers and replace these two with the result of the operation. Thus, to add 2.3 and 4.6 the entry keystrokes would be: 2 2 . 3 [SPACE] 4 . 6 [SPACE] and the stack would look like STACK ----- 2.3 4.6 then press the add key, [+] and the stack would look like: STACK ----- 6.9 Actually, in the above problem, it was not necessary to press [SPACE] after the 4.6 because pessing [+] would have entered the number and carried out the operation. To evaluate more complicated expressions such as (3.5 + 8.6) * (5.1 + 2.3 * 4 ) the key strokes would be 3 . 5 [SPACE] 8 . 6 [+] leaving the contents of first parenthesis group (12.1) on the stack, 5 . 1 [SPACE] 2 . 3 [SPACE] 4 [*] multiplying 2.3 * 4 and putting the product (9.2) on the stack, [+] adding 9.2 to 5.1 leaving the sum (14.3) on the stack. [*] multiplying 14.3 by 12.1 leaving the result (173.03) as the only number on the stack. It would probably be a good idea for you to work through several examples like this before you start using CALC seriously. However, take a minute to read the discription of the CALC screen and keyboard before you start playing with numbers. The screen consists of four main areas. As mentioned above, the first is the stack area, the column on the left. Next to that is the memory area. It consists of a column of row names, a column which shows the active memory column with the column name at the top, and the reference memory with its name at the top. The row and column names are intitially set to ROW (or COL ) plus the letters A throught T. You can change the names at any time, but the memory locations are always accessed by their letter. The column at the far right is the Information Area, which will show various lists of helpful information depending upon where you are in CALC. Upon entry, it shows the command keys and the action available to you when operating on the stack. The three lines at the bottom of the screen are the Entry Area. All commands, data, menu selections are 3 made in this area. Depending upon where you are, some information will be displayed on the bottom lines. CALC PLUS modifies the IBM keyboard to make it easier to use in this application. It is designed so that you can press the NumLock key to activate the numeric keypad and forget about using the cursor keys. When entering numbers or text, several of the function keys replace the cursor keys. The assignments are: [F 4] - Clears entry line. [F 5] - Moves to beginning. = [HOME] [F 6] - Moves to end. = [END] [F 7] - Deletes char to left. = [BkSp] [F 8] - Deletes char at cursor. = [DEL] [F 9] - Moves cursor left. = [Lft Arrow] [F10] - Moves cursor right. = [Rht Arrow] Since [SPACE] is the largest and easiest key to find on the key- board, it has been assigned several useful functions. [SPACE] - Stack Entry: = [RTN] Text Entry: = space Menu Selection: = exit menu Now that you know what to expect, go play with the CALC STACK as a simple calculator for awhile. II. STACK Commands: The stack can be used as a simple calculator, but it also can be manipulated in many ways using simple one or two key commands. In describing the stack manipulations we need to define three special stack locations, the number at the bottom is called BOT, the next number up is called NXT and the number at the top of the stack is called TOP. Clearing: [C] Clears all of the numbers from the stack. [B] Clears the bottom of the stack, BOT. [T] Clears the top of the stack, TOP. Math Operations: Simple: [+] Adds NXT to BOT, removes NXT and sets BOT equal to the result. [-] Subtracts BOT from NXT, etc. [*] Multiplies NXT by BOT, etc. [/] Divides NXT by BOT, etc. [^] Raises NXT to the BOT power, etc. Stack: [#] Adds BOT to each number on the stack, removes BOT from stack. [$] Subtracts BOT from each number on the stack, etc. [@] Multiplies each number on the stack by BOT, etc. [%] Divides each number on the stack by BOT, etc. [&] Raises each number on the stact to the BOT power, etc. 4 Functions: Simple: [E] (Expnential): raises the number e to the BOT power, replaces BOT with the result. [I] Integer: rounds BOT to nearest integer. [L] (Logarithm): takes the natural log of BOT, replaces BOT with the result. [N] (Negative): replaces BOT with the negative of BOT. [R] Replaces BOT with the square root of BOT. Stack: pressing the [CTRL] key, inticated with a '^' prefix, with any of the above letter keys performs the function on the whole stack. For example, [^L] (Logarithm): replaces each number on the sta ck with its logarithm. Trig Functions: The trigonometric functions are available but are accessed by first pressing [O] indicating a 'circular' function. When [O] is pressed one of the menus will appear near the bottom of the screen. Options may be selected from a menu by using the [F9] and [F10] keys to move from option to option ( left and right arrow keys, remember) and pressing [RTN] to select the highlighted option, or simply by pressing the first letter of the desired option. It this menu, the options are: [Sin] [^Sin] [Cos] [^Cos] [Tan] [^Tan] [Inverse] [Mode] Pressing [S], [C] or [T] will replace BOT by the sine, cosine or tangent of the BOT. Pressing the [Ctrl] key alone with the [S] [C] or [T] keys will replace the whole stack with the indicated function. Pressing [I] brings up a menu for the inverse trig functions, arcsine, arccossine and arctangent. Pressing [M] toggles the degree mode to radion mode. The mode state is indicated by the 'R' or 'D' next to the word 'Mode'. 5 STACK MANIPULATION: As stated above the stack can be manipulated in several useful ways. There two types of manipulation, numeric and positional. The numeric are: [A] Adds all the numbers on the stack and shows the result as the new BOT. [K] Counts the number of entries on the stack and shows the result as the new BOT. [!] Reads BOT and if is less than the number of empty spaces on the stack, BOT integers starting with 1 on the stack. Thus to put eleven numbers from 100 to 200 on the stack, do the following: [0] [SPACE] [1][0] [!] giving 0..10 on the stack. [1][0] [@] giving 0..100 on the stack. [1][0][0] [+] giving 100..200 on the stack. The positional manipulations are: [U] Rolls the stack UP, that is, all of the numbers move up one position and TOP becomes the new BOT. [D] Rolls the stack DOWN, that is, all of the numbers move down one position and BOT becomes the new TOP. [V] Inverts the stack. [X] EXchanges the position of NXT and BOT. 6 III. Memory The Memory in CALC-PLUS consists of twenty columns of twenty rows each. Only one of the memories is accessable at any one time. It is called the ACTIVE memory and it is displayed in the left-most position of the two displayed memories. The other memory displayed is called the REFERENCE memory and is there for your reference. When you start up CALC+PLUS, Column A is the Active memory and Column B is the Reference memory. To access the memory and make use of the memory functions, press [M] and the main memory menu will be displayed. Also, the information display at the far right will display the names of the memory colunms and the number of entries in each column. The menu choices and their functions are: BLOCK Brings up a secondary menu for block moves between the stack and the Active Memory. The options available from this memory are discribed below. STORE Stores BOT in the Active Memory. You will be asked to press a key (A..T) to select the row to enter the BOT into. RECALL Recalls a number from the Active Memory and places it on the stack. You will be asked to press a key (A..T) to select the row from which to get the number. FUNCTION Brings up a secondary menu for changing row and column names, clearing and transpsoing the memories. These operations will be discribed below. MATH Allows math operations between the stack and memory. You will be asked for the operation ( + - * / ^ ) and then the memory Row to be operated on. The number in the memory will be replaced by the result of the operation. The keys and the specific operations are: [+] : MEM SET EQUAL TO MEM + BOT [-] : MEM SET EQUAL TO MEM - BOT [*] : MEM SET EQUAL TO MEM * BOT [/] : MEM SET EQUAL TO MEM / BOT [^] : MEM SET EQUAL TO MEM ^ BOT GET Selects a memory to be active. You will be prompted to press a key (A..T) to select a column. The memory which had been the Active Memory moves into the Reference Memory position. > UP Selects the next column in alphabetic order. If D were the Active Memory, then E would become the Active Memory and D would become the Reference Memory. < DOWN Selects the previous column in alphabetic order. If R were the Active Memory then Q would become the Active Memory and R would become the Reference Memory. 7 BLOCK MENU: The block menu allows transferring blocks of numbers between the stack and the memory. The specific transfers are: STORE Stores the contents of the stack in the Active Memory. If there are already numbers in the memory, you will be asked whether to overwrite what is there or to append the contents of the stack onto what is in the memory. NOTE: If there are more numbers on the stack than there are empty positions in the memory, numbers will be deleted frome the top of the memory to make room for the numbers being transferred from the stack. RECALL Recalls the contents of the Active Memory onto the stack. If there are already numbers in the memory, you will be asked whether to overwrite what is there or to append the contents of the memory onto what is on the stack. NOTE: If there are more numbers in the memory than there are empty positions on the stack, numbers will be deleted frome the top of the stack to make room for the numbers being transferred from the memory. MATH Allows math operations between the stack and the Active Memory. The math operations are: [+] : MEM SET EQUAL TO MEM + STACK [-] : MEM SET EQUAL TO MEM - STACK [*] : MEM SET EQUAL TO MEM * STACK [/] : MEM SET EQUAL TO MEM / STACK [^] : MEM SET EQUAL TO MEM ^ STACK EXCHANGE Exchanges the contents of the STACK with the contents of the Active Memory. Notice that the headings at the top of the stack and Active Memory also exchange positions. In this way, you can move columns around in the memory without losing the column name. FUNCTION MENU: The Function menu allows you to clear one or all of the memory columns, to name the columns and to transpose the memories. The specific functions are: CLEAR Clears the Active Memory. 8 TRANSPOSE Transposes the rows and the columns. All of the numbers in the column A become the numbers in the first row, and all of the numbers in the first row become numbers in the first column. As an example, a memory which looked like this: COL A COL B COL C ROW A 23 46 69 ROW B 31 59 72 ROW C 43 61 89 would end up looking like this: ROW A ROW B ROW C COL A 23 31 43 COL B 46 59 61 COL C 69 72 89 Notice that the row and column headings exchanged posi- tions also. This feature allows data to be manipulated by row as well as by column. LABEL Allows applying a label to the Active Memory or to one of the rows. A secondary menu asks you if you want to label a row or a column, and if you indicate a row, you will be asked to press the letter of the row to name. Then you will be asked to enter the label. You must press [RET] after typing in the label of the row or column. The labels are limited to 12 characters in length. You may use the editing keys as indicated at the bottom of the screen while you are entering the labels. The current label will be presented as a default value, so that if you need to change only one letter in the label, you can move to the position of the change, make the change and then press [RET] instead of having to type the whole label over again. ALLCLEAR Allows clearing of all of the memory columns. You will be asked to confirm that you want to clear. In addition, if you have not saved the contents of the memories, you will be asked if you want to save before clearing. 9 IV. PRINT With CALC PLUS, you can not only store and manipulate moderately large sets of numbers, but you can also print them out in neatly formatted tables with titles, column headings and summaries as footers to the columns. The PRINT options are accessed through the Print Menu, which you can call up by pressing [P]. The information area on the right will display the currently selected print options, which can be set from the OPTIONS menu discribed below. The main Print Menu options are: STACK Prints the contents of the stack. You will be asked to enter a comment line which will be printed at the top. MEMORIES Prints the contents of the memories. A secondary menu ofST- fers several options which are discribed below. DATA GROUP This option has not been implemented yet. OPTIONS Allows setting the print options displayed in the infor- mation area on the right side of the screen. LINEFEED Causes the printer to advance one line. PAGEFEED Causes the printer to go to the top of the next page. The Memory Menu has the following options: ACTIVE Prints the Active Memory. REFERENCE Prints the Reference Memory. BOTH Prints both of the displayed memories. OTHER Prints several of the memories. You will be asked to select the columns to print. The number that can be printed depends on the width of the printer, the width of the field, and the left and right margins. The number of columns which can be printed is shown in the information area as "Cols Allowed". To select a colunm just press the letter key for the column. When you are done with your selection, just press [SPACE]. You may select any number of columns up to the Cols Allowed value. You will then be asked to confirm your selection with a YES/NO menu. The OPTIONS menu allows you to select the print options. WIDTH Allows you to enter the width of each column of numbers printed. The default is 14, the width used on the CALC+PLUS screen. DEC PLAC Allows you to enter the number of decimal places printed. The default is 6, the number shown on the screen. MARGINS Allows you to set the Left, Right, Top and Bottom margins. Select the margins you want to select from the Margin Menu. 10 ROWNAMES Selects or de-selects printing the row names along with the memory columns. If the rownames are to be printed, the print options display will show a 'Y' after rownames. Pressing the [R] will change this to a 'N' signifying that the rownames will not be printed. If you have not entered names for each of the rows you will probably want to de- select printing the rownames. COLNAMES Selects or de-selects printing the column names at the head of the memory columns. TITLES Selects printing up to 5 Title lines at the top of the your table of memory columns. When you select printing of titles, you will be prompted to enter the titles. To enter less than 5 lines, just enter a blank title. FOOT OPS Allows selection of printing totals, averages, standard deviations, and maximum and minimums for each of the columns printed. The options are selected from the FOOT Options menu. SETUP Allows entering a set of printer commands to set the printer. You are responsible for knowing the commands for your printer. The format is: \xx\xx where xx represents the ASCII code for the command. You are responsible for setting the printer up with a line width consistent with the right margin. V. File The File menu allows you to save the memories, including the row and colunm names and to recall a previously saved file. The files ae saved with a .CLC extension. The menu options are: DIR Shows the .CLC files on the active drive in the infor- mation area on the right. LOAD Loads a previously saved file. You will be asked to enter the file name. Do ENOT Fenter the .CLC extension. SAVE Saves the contents of the memories. You will be asked to enter the file name. Do ENOT Fenter the .CLC extension. VII. Graphs These operations have not been implemented yet. They will be included in Version 3.0 of CALC PLUS. VI. Statistics These operations have not been implemented yet. They will be included in Version 4.0 of CALC PLUS. NOTE: CALC PLUS is being distributed under the FREEWARE concept. If you find this program valuable and useful, please support it by sending $5.00 with a copy of the invoice below. This will entitle you to a notification of the availability of versions 3.0 which will include the graphics routines and version 4.0 which will include both the graphics and statistics routines. ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── INVOICE ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Purchased from: Purchased by: David L. Alexander Name: 16 Cady Lane Addr: Wappingers Falls, NY 12590 Addr: City: Date - - INV. No: ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── * QUANT. PRICE TOTAL CALC PLUS version 2.0 $5 CALC PLUS version 3.0 $10 CALC PLUS version 4.0 $15 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Sales Tax if Purchased in NY State ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── TOTAL: ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────